http://hdl.handle.net/10985/6566 Fri, 10 Apr 2026 22:57:15 GMT 2026-04-10T22:57:15Z https://sam.ensam.eu:443/bitstream/id/1f6fec07-8639-4eb0-ba0d-b7c942dc2a74/ http://hdl.handle.net/10985/6566 http://hdl.handle.net/10985/17646 A comparative study of frictional response of shed snakeskin and human skin ABDEL-AAL, Hisham; ZAHOUANI, Hassan; EL MANSORI, Mohamed Skin in biological systems, including humans, perform several synchronized tasks (mechanical, protec-tive, tactile, sensory, etc.). Tribological function is among skin tasks and may determine the survivabilityof many species. Cross comparison of tribological functional traits of skin of different species, albeit interesting, is rarely encountered, if at all exists, in tribology literature. One interesting example is that of snake and human skins. This skin pair was the subject of many studies for transdermal drug delivery. Results in that context concluded that snakeskin is highly compatible with human skin despite apparent differences in surface structure and topology. The reported compatibility raises curious question ofwhether there exists frictional or tribological compatibility between the two skins and if so, under what conditions, and which context. In this work, we report, for the first time in open literature, results of a comprehensive comparative investigation of shed snakeskin and human skin with respect to tribological behaviour. To this end, we compared the frictional response of shed skin obtained from P. regius and human skin from different anatomical sites, gender, and age. The results imply that, in essence, the mechanisms governing the friction response of human skin are common to snake skin despite difference in chemical composition and apparent surface structure. In particular, both skin types display sensitivity to hysteresis and adhesive dissipation. Human skin, however, being more sensitive to hysteresis than snakeskin. One interesting finding of the study is that the ratio of the coefficients of friction for snake and human skin, when sliding on the same interface, depends on the reciprocal of their respective moduli of elasticity. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/17646 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z ABDEL-AAL, Hisham ZAHOUANI, Hassan EL MANSORI, Mohamed Skin in biological systems, including humans, perform several synchronized tasks (mechanical, protec-tive, tactile, sensory, etc.). Tribological function is among skin tasks and may determine the survivabilityof many species. Cross comparison of tribological functional traits of skin of different species, albeit interesting, is rarely encountered, if at all exists, in tribology literature. One interesting example is that of snake and human skins. This skin pair was the subject of many studies for transdermal drug delivery. Results in that context concluded that snakeskin is highly compatible with human skin despite apparent differences in surface structure and topology. The reported compatibility raises curious question ofwhether there exists frictional or tribological compatibility between the two skins and if so, under what conditions, and which context. In this work, we report, for the first time in open literature, results of a comprehensive comparative investigation of shed snakeskin and human skin with respect to tribological behaviour. To this end, we compared the frictional response of shed skin obtained from P. regius and human skin from different anatomical sites, gender, and age. The results imply that, in essence, the mechanisms governing the friction response of human skin are common to snake skin despite difference in chemical composition and apparent surface structure. In particular, both skin types display sensitivity to hysteresis and adhesive dissipation. Human skin, however, being more sensitive to hysteresis than snakeskin. One interesting finding of the study is that the ratio of the coefficients of friction for snake and human skin, when sliding on the same interface, depends on the reciprocal of their respective moduli of elasticity. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/11959 Investigations on the mechanical properties of the elementary thin films composing a CIGS solar cell using the nano indentation technique. ABIB, Hocine; IOST, Alain; RAHMOUN, Khadidja; VILCOT, Jean-Pierre; MONTAGNE, Alex The aim of this work is to assess the mechanical properties of the different layers composing a CIGS based solar cell. Fabrication uses the magnetron sputtering deposition technique (except for the CdS layer which was deposited using chemical bath deposition process). We performed several indentation tests on individual layers (Mo back contact layer, CIGS absorber layer, CdS and alternative ZnOS buffer layers, ZnO-AZO window layer) deposited on glass substrates. We mainly report the values of hardness (H) and Young's modulus (E) on each material, through indentation tests with continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) and using an analytical model. The Mo layer remains the hardest and most rigid with H = 8.7 GPa and E = 185 GPa, on the other hand the CIGS layer has a weaker behavior with H = 3 GPa and E = 58 GPa. One might attribute the similar mechanical properties of the ZnO and ZnOS layers to the similarity of their microstructures. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/11959 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z ABIB, Hocine IOST, Alain RAHMOUN, Khadidja VILCOT, Jean-Pierre MONTAGNE, Alex The aim of this work is to assess the mechanical properties of the different layers composing a CIGS based solar cell. Fabrication uses the magnetron sputtering deposition technique (except for the CdS layer which was deposited using chemical bath deposition process). We performed several indentation tests on individual layers (Mo back contact layer, CIGS absorber layer, CdS and alternative ZnOS buffer layers, ZnO-AZO window layer) deposited on glass substrates. We mainly report the values of hardness (H) and Young's modulus (E) on each material, through indentation tests with continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) and using an analytical model. The Mo layer remains the hardest and most rigid with H = 8.7 GPa and E = 185 GPa, on the other hand the CIGS layer has a weaker behavior with H = 3 GPa and E = 58 GPa. One might attribute the similar mechanical properties of the ZnO and ZnOS layers to the similarity of their microstructures. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/11622 Etude par nanoindentation des proprietes mecaniques du multicouche constituant une cellule solaire a base de cigs ABIB, Hocine; IOST, Alain; RAHMOUN, Khadidja; AYACHI, Boubakeur; VILCOT, Jean-Pierre; MONTAGNE, Alex Le but de notre travail est d'évaluer les propriétés mécaniques des différentes couches constituant une cellule solaire à base de CIGS afin d'en appréhender, à terme, leur influence sur la durée de vie de la cellule. Nous rapportons principalement les valeurs de la dureté et le module de Young obtenues par des mesures de nanoindentation. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/11622 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z ABIB, Hocine IOST, Alain RAHMOUN, Khadidja AYACHI, Boubakeur VILCOT, Jean-Pierre MONTAGNE, Alex Le but de notre travail est d'évaluer les propriétés mécaniques des différentes couches constituant une cellule solaire à base de CIGS afin d'en appréhender, à terme, leur influence sur la durée de vie de la cellule. Nous rapportons principalement les valeurs de la dureté et le module de Young obtenues par des mesures de nanoindentation. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/11965 Investigations on the mechanical properties of the elementary thin films composing a CuIn1 − xGaxSe2 solar cell using the nanoindentation technique ABIB, Hocine; IOST, Alain; RAHMOUN, Khadidja; AYACHI, Boubakeur; VILCOT, Jean-Pierre; MONTAGNE, Alex In this investigation, the mechanical properties of the different layers composing a CuIn1 − xGaxSe2 (CIGS) based solar cell were studied. Magnetron sputtering technique was used for the deposition of these layers except for the cadmium sulphide (CdS) layer which was deposited using chemical bath deposition process. We performed several indentation tests on the individual layers, i.e. molybdenum (Mo) back contact layer, CIGS absorber layer, CdS and alternative zinc sulphide oxide (ZnOS) buffer layers, and zinc oxide (ZnO)-AZO (aluminium-doped zinc oxide) transparent window layer; all were deposited on glass substrates. We report the values of the hardness (H) and of the Young's modulus (E) for each material, using indentation tests and an analytical model. The Mo layer remained the hardest and the most rigid, with H = 8.7 GPa and E = 185 GPa, while the CIGS layer has shown poor mechanical properties with H=3GPa and E=58 GPa. On the other hand, the observed similarity in mechanical properties of the ZnO and ZnOS layers might be attributed to the similarity of their microstructures. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/11965 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z ABIB, Hocine IOST, Alain RAHMOUN, Khadidja AYACHI, Boubakeur VILCOT, Jean-Pierre MONTAGNE, Alex In this investigation, the mechanical properties of the different layers composing a CuIn1 − xGaxSe2 (CIGS) based solar cell were studied. Magnetron sputtering technique was used for the deposition of these layers except for the cadmium sulphide (CdS) layer which was deposited using chemical bath deposition process. We performed several indentation tests on the individual layers, i.e. molybdenum (Mo) back contact layer, CIGS absorber layer, CdS and alternative zinc sulphide oxide (ZnOS) buffer layers, and zinc oxide (ZnO)-AZO (aluminium-doped zinc oxide) transparent window layer; all were deposited on glass substrates. We report the values of the hardness (H) and of the Young's modulus (E) for each material, using indentation tests and an analytical model. The Mo layer remained the hardest and the most rigid, with H = 8.7 GPa and E = 185 GPa, while the CIGS layer has shown poor mechanical properties with H=3GPa and E=58 GPa. On the other hand, the observed similarity in mechanical properties of the ZnO and ZnOS layers might be attributed to the similarity of their microstructures. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/20015 Failure analysis of shot–sleeves used in brass high pressure die–casting process ABID, Dorra; MELLOULI, Dhouha; GAFSI, Nedia; HADDAR, Nader; KTARI, Ahmed A failure investigation has been conducted on a two cases of shot-sleeve used in brass–die casting and made up of AISI H10 tool steels to study their failure mechanisms. The chemical composition of the shot–sleeves material and the hardness profiles were evaluated. A preliminary examination of shot–sleeves reveal the presence of cracks network on their inner surfaces which proves that thermal fatigue was probably the main cause of their failure. A Meticulous investigation of these damaged surfaces reveal the presence of an additional small zone cited in the vicinity of the plunger entry side. This zone presents several scratches sign of abrasive wear. Then, the measurement of the cracks length and their linear density along longitudinal and transversal cuts of the damaged shot–sleeve sample are carried out. Results show that the observed cracks network can be divided into two zones. The first one was the most damaged in terms of cracks density and length given that it is the first zone which enter in contact with the molten metal. However, the cracks network examined in the second zone appears to be superficial. Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/20015 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z ABID, Dorra MELLOULI, Dhouha GAFSI, Nedia HADDAR, Nader KTARI, Ahmed A failure investigation has been conducted on a two cases of shot-sleeve used in brass–die casting and made up of AISI H10 tool steels to study their failure mechanisms. The chemical composition of the shot–sleeves material and the hardness profiles were evaluated. A preliminary examination of shot–sleeves reveal the presence of cracks network on their inner surfaces which proves that thermal fatigue was probably the main cause of their failure. A Meticulous investigation of these damaged surfaces reveal the presence of an additional small zone cited in the vicinity of the plunger entry side. This zone presents several scratches sign of abrasive wear. Then, the measurement of the cracks length and their linear density along longitudinal and transversal cuts of the damaged shot–sleeve sample are carried out. Results show that the observed cracks network can be divided into two zones. The first one was the most damaged in terms of cracks density and length given that it is the first zone which enter in contact with the molten metal. However, the cracks network examined in the second zone appears to be superficial. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/11968 Structural and mechanical properties of Cr–Zr–N coatings with different Zr content AISSANI, Linda; FELLAH, Mamoun; SAMAD, Mohamed Abdul; IOST, Alain; NOUVEAU, Corinne; MONTAGNE, Alex Cr–Zr–N films have been synthesised using R.F reactive magnetron sputtering system on Si (100) wafer and XC100 steel substrate without heating. The structural, mechanical and friction coefficient evolution as a function of the Zr content were investigated by XRD, (EDS, WDS), WPS, XPS, SEM, AFM, nanoindentation, Scratch adhesion and pin-on-disc sliding wear tests. The results show, that, with increasing Zr content, the film structure changed with the coexistence of (Cr–N, Zr–N) crystallographic orientation mixture. The films formed a (Cr, Zr) N solid solution where Zr atoms substitute Cr atoms. CrN lattice parameter increased from 4.17 to 4.32 Å with the crystallite size refinement. The mechanical parameters (H, σ, E, H/E and H3/ E2) were significantly improved in comparison to binary films, especially at 29 at.-% Zr. The friction and wear behaviour of the Cr–Zr (29 at.-% Zr)–N coating also showed a significant improvement. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/11968 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z AISSANI, Linda FELLAH, Mamoun SAMAD, Mohamed Abdul IOST, Alain NOUVEAU, Corinne MONTAGNE, Alex Cr–Zr–N films have been synthesised using R.F reactive magnetron sputtering system on Si (100) wafer and XC100 steel substrate without heating. The structural, mechanical and friction coefficient evolution as a function of the Zr content were investigated by XRD, (EDS, WDS), WPS, XPS, SEM, AFM, nanoindentation, Scratch adhesion and pin-on-disc sliding wear tests. The results show, that, with increasing Zr content, the film structure changed with the coexistence of (Cr–N, Zr–N) crystallographic orientation mixture. The films formed a (Cr, Zr) N solid solution where Zr atoms substitute Cr atoms. CrN lattice parameter increased from 4.17 to 4.32 Å with the crystallite size refinement. The mechanical parameters (H, σ, E, H/E and H3/ E2) were significantly improved in comparison to binary films, especially at 29 at.-% Zr. The friction and wear behaviour of the Cr–Zr (29 at.-% Zr)–N coating also showed a significant improvement. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/19636 Effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of chromium carbonitride coatings AISSANI, Linda; FELLAH, Mamoun; RADJEHI, Lamia; ALHUSSEIN, Akram; NOUVEAU, Corinne; MONTAGNE, Alex Chromium nitrides were deposited by RF reactive magnetron sputtering from a Cr target on high carbon steel substrates XC100 (1.17 wt% carbon) in a N2 and Ar gas mixture. In order to investigate the formation of chromium nitrides, carbide and carbonitride compounds were subjected to vacuum annealing treatment for 1 h at various temperatures ranging from 700 to 1000 °C. The samples were characterized by EDS, XPS, XRD, SEM, nanoindentation and tribometry. The results showed the emergence of Cr2N and CrN during the early stages of annealing and the appearance of chromium carbonitride phases only at 900 °C. The (111) preferred orientation of the fcc CrN phase was changed to (002) at 900 °C in parallel with the appearance of chromium carbides. Nanoindentation tests revealed a gradual increase of the Young's modulus from 198 to 264 GPa when increasing the annealing temperature, while the hardness showed a maximum value (H = 22.4 GPa) at 900 °C. The low friction coefficient of the Crsingle bondCsingle bondN coating against a 100Cr6 ball was approximately 0.42 at 900 °C. The enhancement of mechanical and tribological properties was attributed to the stronger bonding Crsingle bondC at the CrN/XC100 interfaces as confirmed by XPS results. Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/19636 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z AISSANI, Linda FELLAH, Mamoun RADJEHI, Lamia ALHUSSEIN, Akram NOUVEAU, Corinne MONTAGNE, Alex Chromium nitrides were deposited by RF reactive magnetron sputtering from a Cr target on high carbon steel substrates XC100 (1.17 wt% carbon) in a N2 and Ar gas mixture. In order to investigate the formation of chromium nitrides, carbide and carbonitride compounds were subjected to vacuum annealing treatment for 1 h at various temperatures ranging from 700 to 1000 °C. The samples were characterized by EDS, XPS, XRD, SEM, nanoindentation and tribometry. The results showed the emergence of Cr2N and CrN during the early stages of annealing and the appearance of chromium carbonitride phases only at 900 °C. The (111) preferred orientation of the fcc CrN phase was changed to (002) at 900 °C in parallel with the appearance of chromium carbides. Nanoindentation tests revealed a gradual increase of the Young's modulus from 198 to 264 GPa when increasing the annealing temperature, while the hardness showed a maximum value (H = 22.4 GPa) at 900 °C. The low friction coefficient of the Crsingle bondCsingle bondN coating against a 100Cr6 ball was approximately 0.42 at 900 °C. The enhancement of mechanical and tribological properties was attributed to the stronger bonding Crsingle bondC at the CrN/XC100 interfaces as confirmed by XPS results. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/9728 Caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques par nanoindentationd’un traitement de diffusion et d’un revêtement pourl’amélioration de la résistance à l’usure des aciers à bas carbone AISSAT, Sahraoui; IOST, Alain; GUILLEMOT, Gildas; BENARIOUA, Younes; MECHMECHE, Mohamed La zone superficielle est tres souvent la partie d’un composant qui subit les plus fortes contraintes, c’est également cette zone qui est exposee aux frottements et aux attaques chimiques. Les traitements de surface sont largement utilises pour regler les problemes d’usure, d’attaque chimique, de corrosion ou de fatigue. Ce travail concerne la mise au point d’un traitement de conversion de surface par diffusion précipitation. Ce procède de durcissement superficiel permet d’augmenter et d’améliorer les propriétés en surface des matériaux et plus particulièrement celles des outils. Il est propose dans ce travail, de rechercher les conditions d’obtention d’un carbure de chrome connu pour ses propriétés de résistance `a l’usure, `a la corrosion et `a l’oxydation, `a partir d’un traitement réalise en trois étapes : la première étape est une c´cémentation en caisse par le carbone sur deux aciers `a bas carbone : le XC18 et le 16MC5. La deuxième étape consiste `a déposer `a la surface des aciers traités, un film de chrome m´métallique de quelques μm. La troisième ´étape consiste `a maintenir `a haute température les pièces précédemment obtenues pour convertir la surface chromée en carbure par diffusion du carbone de la zone c´cémentée vers la surface chromée afin d’obtenir par précipitation du carbure de chrome. La caractérisation des propriétés m´mécaniques (dureté et module de Young) par nanoindentation des ´échantillons obtenus est réalisée dans ce travail.; The superficial zone is very often the part of a component which undergoes the strongest constraints, it is also this zone which is exposed to frictions and the chemical attacks. The surface treatments are largely used to solve the problems of wear, chemical attack, corrosion or fatigue. This work concerns the development of a surface conversion treatment by diffusion precipitation. This process of superficial hardening allows to increase and to improve the superficial properties of materials and more particularly those of the tools. It is proposed in this work, to search the conditions for obtaining a chromium carbide known by these properties of wear, corrosion and oxidation resistance, starting from a treatment carried out in three stages: the first stage is a pack carburizing (pack cementation) by carbon on two low carbon steels: the XC18 and the 16MC5. The second stage, concerns the deposition on the surface of treated steels a metallic chromium film of a few μm. In the third stage the parts previously obtained are heated at high temperature to convert the surface chrome species into carbide by diffusion of carbon from the cemented zone towards surface chrome species to obtain by precipitation of chromium carbide. The characterization of the mechanical properties (hardness and Young modulus) by nanoindentation of the samples obtained is carried out in this work. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/9728 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z AISSAT, Sahraoui IOST, Alain GUILLEMOT, Gildas BENARIOUA, Younes MECHMECHE, Mohamed La zone superficielle est tres souvent la partie d’un composant qui subit les plus fortes contraintes, c’est également cette zone qui est exposee aux frottements et aux attaques chimiques. Les traitements de surface sont largement utilises pour regler les problemes d’usure, d’attaque chimique, de corrosion ou de fatigue. Ce travail concerne la mise au point d’un traitement de conversion de surface par diffusion précipitation. Ce procède de durcissement superficiel permet d’augmenter et d’améliorer les propriétés en surface des matériaux et plus particulièrement celles des outils. Il est propose dans ce travail, de rechercher les conditions d’obtention d’un carbure de chrome connu pour ses propriétés de résistance `a l’usure, `a la corrosion et `a l’oxydation, `a partir d’un traitement réalise en trois étapes : la première étape est une c´cémentation en caisse par le carbone sur deux aciers `a bas carbone : le XC18 et le 16MC5. La deuxième étape consiste `a déposer `a la surface des aciers traités, un film de chrome m´métallique de quelques μm. La troisième ´étape consiste `a maintenir `a haute température les pièces précédemment obtenues pour convertir la surface chromée en carbure par diffusion du carbone de la zone c´cémentée vers la surface chromée afin d’obtenir par précipitation du carbure de chrome. La caractérisation des propriétés m´mécaniques (dureté et module de Young) par nanoindentation des ´échantillons obtenus est réalisée dans ce travail. The superficial zone is very often the part of a component which undergoes the strongest constraints, it is also this zone which is exposed to frictions and the chemical attacks. The surface treatments are largely used to solve the problems of wear, chemical attack, corrosion or fatigue. This work concerns the development of a surface conversion treatment by diffusion precipitation. This process of superficial hardening allows to increase and to improve the superficial properties of materials and more particularly those of the tools. It is proposed in this work, to search the conditions for obtaining a chromium carbide known by these properties of wear, corrosion and oxidation resistance, starting from a treatment carried out in three stages: the first stage is a pack carburizing (pack cementation) by carbon on two low carbon steels: the XC18 and the 16MC5. The second stage, concerns the deposition on the surface of treated steels a metallic chromium film of a few μm. In the third stage the parts previously obtained are heated at high temperature to convert the surface chrome species into carbide by diffusion of carbon from the cemented zone towards surface chrome species to obtain by precipitation of chromium carbide. The characterization of the mechanical properties (hardness and Young modulus) by nanoindentation of the samples obtained is carried out in this work. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/9738 Study of the mechanical behavior of leaded copper by scratch test and nanoindentation AIT SADI, H.; BRITAH, M.; IOST, Alain; MESRATI, N. Copper-lead was investigated by scratch tests under two set of experiments conditions: at progressive loads (0 – 200 N) and at two different constant loads (20 – 30 N). These tests were made to assess the adhesion properties to determine the critical normal load of copper- lead journal bearings material. The morphologies of material after scratches are synthesized by optical microscope. Nanoindentation studies of copper-lead provide the possibility of examining a variety of mechanical events due to porosity and pre-existing defects in material. The resulting data are analyzed in terms of load–displacement curves and various comparative parameters, such as hardness and Young’s modulus. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/9738 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z AIT SADI, H. BRITAH, M. IOST, Alain MESRATI, N. Copper-lead was investigated by scratch tests under two set of experiments conditions: at progressive loads (0 – 200 N) and at two different constant loads (20 – 30 N). These tests were made to assess the adhesion properties to determine the critical normal load of copper- lead journal bearings material. The morphologies of material after scratches are synthesized by optical microscope. Nanoindentation studies of copper-lead provide the possibility of examining a variety of mechanical events due to porosity and pre-existing defects in material. The resulting data are analyzed in terms of load–displacement curves and various comparative parameters, such as hardness and Young’s modulus. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/9655 Effect of nanosilica additive particles on both friction and wear performance of mild steel/CuSn/SnBi multimaterial system AIT SADI, H.; HEMMOUCHE, L.; HATTALI, L.; BRITAH, M.; IOST, Alain; MESRATI, N. This paper presents an experimental study of the tribological behaviour of a multimaterial system using conventional powder metallurgy process with SiO2 nanoparticles. Four configurations were studied with and without SiO2. The tribological properties of the sintered materials were analysed by wear experiments at lubricated conditions on a ball disc wear test rig. The results are compared with those of conventional material for journal bearing. These show less variation of the friction coefficient and less wear rate for the materials with SiO2 compared to the ones without SiO2 and to those of the reference material. The dominant wear mechanism is adhesive wear, accompanied by mild abrasive wear. Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/9655 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z AIT SADI, H. HEMMOUCHE, L. HATTALI, L. BRITAH, M. IOST, Alain MESRATI, N. This paper presents an experimental study of the tribological behaviour of a multimaterial system using conventional powder metallurgy process with SiO2 nanoparticles. Four configurations were studied with and without SiO2. The tribological properties of the sintered materials were analysed by wear experiments at lubricated conditions on a ball disc wear test rig. The results are compared with those of conventional material for journal bearing. These show less variation of the friction coefficient and less wear rate for the materials with SiO2 compared to the ones without SiO2 and to those of the reference material. The dominant wear mechanism is adhesive wear, accompanied by mild abrasive wear.