https://sam.ensam.eu:443 The DSpace digital repository system captures, stores, indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material. Sun, 12 Jul 2026 11:37:49 GMT 2026-07-12T11:37:49Z http://hdl.handle.net/10985/16606 Laser adhesion test for thermal sprayed coatings on textured surface by laser COURAPIED, Damien; KROMER, Robin; BERTHE, Laurent; PEYRE, Patrice; COSTIL, Sophie; CORMIER, Jonathan; BOUSTIE, Michel; MILHET, Xavier The laser shock adhesion test (LASAT) is a technique allowing the generation of high tensile stresses in materials. The LASAT consists in focusing a pulsed laser beam on a water-confined target. The laser pulse crosses the water transparent layer and is absorbed by the target. High energetic plasma is created at the surface of the sample. As a response to the expansion of the plasma, a shock wave is generated and propagates through the sample. This shock wave leads to the generation of high tensile stresses in the sample. These stresses allow the interface solicitation in order to evaluate the dynamic adhesive bond strength of coated systems. In order to determine interface strengths, this technique has already proven its feasibility. In this paper, the adhesion strength of coated system was evaluated using LASAT for two surface pretreatments of substrates obtained by grit-blasting and laser surface texturing techniques. The generation of the high-intensity shock wave by laser plasma in the water-confinement regime has been performed at 7.1 ns at 532 nm with the new Nd:YAG laser facility HEPHAISTOS. This paper shows that surface treatments have a great influence on the adherence results of the coated systems obtained with laser adhesion test. However, the LASAT is efficient on thin coating. In that sense, thicker industrial coatings are not adapted for the conventional LASAT anymore. Therefore, a new technique was designed to improve and extend the conventional technique. This technique consists of varying the delay Δt between two incident pulses to adjust the location of the maximum tensile stresses near the interface. Some preliminary results on the improved configuration are presented in this paper and the problematic of the laser-matter interaction with two time-delayed laser pulses which has arisen is discussed. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/16606 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z COURAPIED, Damien KROMER, Robin BERTHE, Laurent PEYRE, Patrice COSTIL, Sophie CORMIER, Jonathan BOUSTIE, Michel MILHET, Xavier The laser shock adhesion test (LASAT) is a technique allowing the generation of high tensile stresses in materials. The LASAT consists in focusing a pulsed laser beam on a water-confined target. The laser pulse crosses the water transparent layer and is absorbed by the target. High energetic plasma is created at the surface of the sample. As a response to the expansion of the plasma, a shock wave is generated and propagates through the sample. This shock wave leads to the generation of high tensile stresses in the sample. These stresses allow the interface solicitation in order to evaluate the dynamic adhesive bond strength of coated systems. In order to determine interface strengths, this technique has already proven its feasibility. In this paper, the adhesion strength of coated system was evaluated using LASAT for two surface pretreatments of substrates obtained by grit-blasting and laser surface texturing techniques. The generation of the high-intensity shock wave by laser plasma in the water-confinement regime has been performed at 7.1 ns at 532 nm with the new Nd:YAG laser facility HEPHAISTOS. This paper shows that surface treatments have a great influence on the adherence results of the coated systems obtained with laser adhesion test. However, the LASAT is efficient on thin coating. In that sense, thicker industrial coatings are not adapted for the conventional LASAT anymore. Therefore, a new technique was designed to improve and extend the conventional technique. This technique consists of varying the delay Δt between two incident pulses to adjust the location of the maximum tensile stresses near the interface. Some preliminary results on the improved configuration are presented in this paper and the problematic of the laser-matter interaction with two time-delayed laser pulses which has arisen is discussed. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/14076 High temperature durability of a bond-coatless plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating system with laser textured Ni-based single crystal substrate KROMER, Robin; PEYRE, Patrice; BERTHE, Laurent; COURAPIED, Damien; COSTIL, Sophie; CORMIER, Jonathan Thermal barrier coating systems are usually build-up with bond coats to ensure a good adhesion of the ceramic top coat and to protect the substrate against oxidation and corrosion. Such system is often subjected to complex thermo-mechanical loading. Because of the very different damage processes encountered during service operations, a simplified system was investigated by removing the bond-coat. Recently adhesion bond strength was enhanced using laser surface texturing of the substrate in thermal spraying processes. Atmospheric plasma spray yttria-stabilized-zirconia thermal barrier coating system was deposited on the Ni-based AM1 single crystalline superalloy without bond coat. Adhesion bond strength was already increased compared to conventional processing method. Top coat durability was evaluated at high temperature and damage mechanisms were studied. Isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests showed durability of 1000 h and 400 cycles at 1100 °C. The oxidation mechanisms at the substrate/top coat interface changed due to fast solidification during the laser texturing process. Then, TBC system was studied under high temperature mechanical solicitation in tension creep. The textured interfaces were not damaged after 1% creep strain while top-coat/substrate interfacial cracking was observed for grit-blasted specimens. Moreover, no preferential crack development in the substrate was observed. Patterns provided an enhanced adhesion by changing the stress distribution near the interface. Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/14076 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z KROMER, Robin PEYRE, Patrice BERTHE, Laurent COURAPIED, Damien COSTIL, Sophie CORMIER, Jonathan Thermal barrier coating systems are usually build-up with bond coats to ensure a good adhesion of the ceramic top coat and to protect the substrate against oxidation and corrosion. Such system is often subjected to complex thermo-mechanical loading. Because of the very different damage processes encountered during service operations, a simplified system was investigated by removing the bond-coat. Recently adhesion bond strength was enhanced using laser surface texturing of the substrate in thermal spraying processes. Atmospheric plasma spray yttria-stabilized-zirconia thermal barrier coating system was deposited on the Ni-based AM1 single crystalline superalloy without bond coat. Adhesion bond strength was already increased compared to conventional processing method. Top coat durability was evaluated at high temperature and damage mechanisms were studied. Isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests showed durability of 1000 h and 400 cycles at 1100 °C. The oxidation mechanisms at the substrate/top coat interface changed due to fast solidification during the laser texturing process. Then, TBC system was studied under high temperature mechanical solicitation in tension creep. The textured interfaces were not damaged after 1% creep strain while top-coat/substrate interfacial cracking was observed for grit-blasted specimens. Moreover, no preferential crack development in the substrate was observed. Patterns provided an enhanced adhesion by changing the stress distribution near the interface. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/16135 Laser Patterning Pretreatment before Thermal Spraying: A Technique to Adapt and Control the Surface Topography to Thermomechanical Loading and Materials KROMER, Robin; COSTIL, Sophie; CORMIER, Jonathan; BERTHE, Laurent; PEYRE, Patrice; COURAPIED, Damien Coating characteristics are highly dependent on substrate preparation and spray parameters. Hence, the surface must be adapted mechanically and physicochemically to favor coating–substrate adhesion. Conventional surface preparation methods such as grit blasting are limited by surface embrittlement and produce large plastic deformations throughout the surface, resulting in compressive stress and potential cracks. Among all such methods, laser patterning is suitable to prepare the surface of sensitive materials. No embedded grit particles can be observed, and high-quality coatings are obtained. Finally, laser surface patterning adapts the impacted surface, creating large anchoring area. Optimized surface topographies can then be elaborated according to the material as well as the application. The objective of this study is to compare the adhesive bond strength between two surface preparation methods, namely grit blasting and laser surface patterning, for two material couples used in aerospace applications: 2017 aluminum alloy and AISI 304L stainless steel coated with NiAl and YSZ, respectively. Laser patterning significantly increases adherence values for similar contact area due to mixed-mode (cohesive and adhesive) failure. The coating is locked in the pattern. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/16135 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z KROMER, Robin COSTIL, Sophie CORMIER, Jonathan BERTHE, Laurent PEYRE, Patrice COURAPIED, Damien Coating characteristics are highly dependent on substrate preparation and spray parameters. Hence, the surface must be adapted mechanically and physicochemically to favor coating–substrate adhesion. Conventional surface preparation methods such as grit blasting are limited by surface embrittlement and produce large plastic deformations throughout the surface, resulting in compressive stress and potential cracks. Among all such methods, laser patterning is suitable to prepare the surface of sensitive materials. No embedded grit particles can be observed, and high-quality coatings are obtained. Finally, laser surface patterning adapts the impacted surface, creating large anchoring area. Optimized surface topographies can then be elaborated according to the material as well as the application. The objective of this study is to compare the adhesive bond strength between two surface preparation methods, namely grit blasting and laser surface patterning, for two material couples used in aerospace applications: 2017 aluminum alloy and AISI 304L stainless steel coated with NiAl and YSZ, respectively. Laser patterning significantly increases adherence values for similar contact area due to mixed-mode (cohesive and adhesive) failure. The coating is locked in the pattern. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/26043 A New Approach to Teach Conceptual Design Integrating Additive Manufacturing Constraints KROMER, Robin; GRUHIER, Elise In the context of the Industry 4.0, new processes have appeared, such as the additive manufacturing (AM) process. Therefore, new approaches to de-sign parts have to be developed to integrate process constraints. It is very difficult for teachers to effectively guide students during conceptual design for AM, even though various idea generation techniques and methods are available. AM re-quires an important preparation and compromise in design phases. In addition, design need to be generated in a digital environment. Among the various steps, critical impacts on the final part quality are linked to part orientation. So, this paper focuses on the conceptual design phase to educate future technician and engineers to the design for additive manufacturing. Pilot-study on the teacher's role interacts through active pedagogical tool with students. They need to think in 3D and create directly in 3D. The propose education development use an im-mersive tool to consider the process constraints. Thereby, students need to deal with an AM process chain. New approaches are analyzed based on the design guidelines for Additive Manufacturing, which were developed by the students themselves. Also, the students estimated opportunities and limits linked to prod-uct-process relationship. Finally, the success of the new course contents and form is reviewed by a student evaluation. Sun, 25 Sep 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/26043 2022-09-25T00:00:00Z KROMER, Robin GRUHIER, Elise In the context of the Industry 4.0, new processes have appeared, such as the additive manufacturing (AM) process. Therefore, new approaches to de-sign parts have to be developed to integrate process constraints. It is very difficult for teachers to effectively guide students during conceptual design for AM, even though various idea generation techniques and methods are available. AM re-quires an important preparation and compromise in design phases. In addition, design need to be generated in a digital environment. Among the various steps, critical impacts on the final part quality are linked to part orientation. So, this paper focuses on the conceptual design phase to educate future technician and engineers to the design for additive manufacturing. Pilot-study on the teacher's role interacts through active pedagogical tool with students. They need to think in 3D and create directly in 3D. The propose education development use an im-mersive tool to consider the process constraints. Thereby, students need to deal with an AM process chain. New approaches are analyzed based on the design guidelines for Additive Manufacturing, which were developed by the students themselves. Also, the students estimated opportunities and limits linked to prod-uct-process relationship. Finally, the success of the new course contents and form is reviewed by a student evaluation. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24804 FEATURE-BASED METHOD TO FORMALISE ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING RELATED DATA AT THE MESOSCALE BASED ON A MEREOTOPOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION DOUIN, Chloe; GRUHIER, Elise; KROMER, Robin; CHRISTMANN, Olivier; PERRY, Nicolas AbstractResearch on additive manufacturing has highlighted methods and guidelines to optimise the design process and improving finished product quality. There is still room for improvement in making AM as reliable as more traditional processes when considering industrial use. In terms of manufacturing, managing print parameters properly can improve reproducibility and repeatability of a part, in addition to its fidelity to the basic geometric model. However, a topological optimised geometry requires more than good parameterisation. Efforts are therefore being made to formalise knowledge so that it is explicit and accessible to designers. This paper proposes an approach based on the spatio-temporal evolution of a geometry during printing to quantify data at the meso scale. Previous studies have been conducted on the description of features in time, space and space-time, and on the influence of their arrangement within a part. Building on this work, a parameterised test specimen was designed to measure the quantitative impact of these arrangements on the final product. The method is then presented and illustrated through a case study to help the designer with quantitative predictive values of geometric parameters. Mon, 19 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24804 2023-06-19T00:00:00Z DOUIN, Chloe GRUHIER, Elise KROMER, Robin CHRISTMANN, Olivier PERRY, Nicolas AbstractResearch on additive manufacturing has highlighted methods and guidelines to optimise the design process and improving finished product quality. There is still room for improvement in making AM as reliable as more traditional processes when considering industrial use. In terms of manufacturing, managing print parameters properly can improve reproducibility and repeatability of a part, in addition to its fidelity to the basic geometric model. However, a topological optimised geometry requires more than good parameterisation. Efforts are therefore being made to formalise knowledge so that it is explicit and accessible to designers. This paper proposes an approach based on the spatio-temporal evolution of a geometry during printing to quantify data at the meso scale. Previous studies have been conducted on the description of features in time, space and space-time, and on the influence of their arrangement within a part. Building on this work, a parameterised test specimen was designed to measure the quantitative impact of these arrangements on the final product. The method is then presented and illustrated through a case study to help the designer with quantitative predictive values of geometric parameters. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/22518 A method for design for additive manufacturing rules formulation through Spatio-temporal process discretization DOUIN, Chloe; GRUHIER, Elise; KROMER, Robin; CHRISTMANN, Olivier; PERRY, Nicolas Additive Manufacturing (AM) has many advantages, but the lack of access to the knowledge associated with it minimises its development industry. The design phase is crucial for the success of AM, a challenge for Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) methods is therefore to facilitate the access and manipulation of this knowledge. This transfer of knowledge can be achieved by formalising rules at all scales, and communicating them to the designer at the appropriate phase. It is hence necessary to find a way to formalise information in time, space and space-time dimensions since AM is a process that places material in space and layer by layer. The concept of mereotopology is used to study the relationships of connection and interaction between parts, wholes and boundaries, and may be a suitable resource to study DfAM along these three dimensions. The aim of this paper will therefore be to present a method for searching and formulating design guidelines based on a discretisation of the process enabled by the concept of mereotopology. This method consists in the decomposition of a 3D model into features between which spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal interactions are studied. Simultaneously, the analysis of manufactured defects on a printed version of the model allows to link manufacturing defects with a configuration of spatial and temporal elements. Once the defects and configurations have been linked, rules are formulated and then validated or invalidated according to their recurrence on different models printed with the same process and material. This method could be integrated in industry to take advantage of manufacturing defects in order to add data to the statistical study. Fri, 01 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/22518 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z DOUIN, Chloe GRUHIER, Elise KROMER, Robin CHRISTMANN, Olivier PERRY, Nicolas Additive Manufacturing (AM) has many advantages, but the lack of access to the knowledge associated with it minimises its development industry. The design phase is crucial for the success of AM, a challenge for Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) methods is therefore to facilitate the access and manipulation of this knowledge. This transfer of knowledge can be achieved by formalising rules at all scales, and communicating them to the designer at the appropriate phase. It is hence necessary to find a way to formalise information in time, space and space-time dimensions since AM is a process that places material in space and layer by layer. The concept of mereotopology is used to study the relationships of connection and interaction between parts, wholes and boundaries, and may be a suitable resource to study DfAM along these three dimensions. The aim of this paper will therefore be to present a method for searching and formulating design guidelines based on a discretisation of the process enabled by the concept of mereotopology. This method consists in the decomposition of a 3D model into features between which spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal interactions are studied. Simultaneously, the analysis of manufactured defects on a printed version of the model allows to link manufacturing defects with a configuration of spatial and temporal elements. Once the defects and configurations have been linked, rules are formulated and then validated or invalidated according to their recurrence on different models printed with the same process and material. This method could be integrated in industry to take advantage of manufacturing defects in order to add data to the statistical study. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/23366 Absorptivity measurement of solid and powder bed under IR laser beam KROMER, Robin; GORNY, Cyril; GRUHIER, Elise; LE GUEN, Emilie; ARVIEU, Corinne; LACOSTE, Eric The effective absorptivity of IR laser light for different powder beds were studied. The reflectivity of aluminum, titanium, stainless steel and copper alloys was measured using an appropriate Ulbricht sphere. Laser irradiation was reliably detected by a photodiode. Reflectivity was carefully measured as a function of illuminated area and powder bed density. Several powder size distributions and powder thicknesses were chosen to evaluate the impact on the laser absorption. Two spot diameters were tested to evaluate the variation of the reflectivity. The absorptivity of the powder bed was significantly higher than the absorptivity of a uniform surface for similar material due to multiple scattering. In addition, the substrate is responsible for a non-negligible variation in the powder bed absorption. The inhomogeneity of the powder bed strongly modified the laser absorption for a small spot size. The absorption fluctuated during the transition from the powder state to the molten pool state. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/23366 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z KROMER, Robin GORNY, Cyril GRUHIER, Elise LE GUEN, Emilie ARVIEU, Corinne LACOSTE, Eric The effective absorptivity of IR laser light for different powder beds were studied. The reflectivity of aluminum, titanium, stainless steel and copper alloys was measured using an appropriate Ulbricht sphere. Laser irradiation was reliably detected by a photodiode. Reflectivity was carefully measured as a function of illuminated area and powder bed density. Several powder size distributions and powder thicknesses were chosen to evaluate the impact on the laser absorption. Two spot diameters were tested to evaluate the variation of the reflectivity. The absorptivity of the powder bed was significantly higher than the absorptivity of a uniform surface for similar material due to multiple scattering. In addition, the substrate is responsible for a non-negligible variation in the powder bed absorption. The inhomogeneity of the powder bed strongly modified the laser absorption for a small spot size. The absorption fluctuated during the transition from the powder state to the molten pool state. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/12056 Transformable product formal definition with its implementation in CAD tools GRUHIER, Elise; KROMER, Robin; DEMOLY, Frédéric; GOMES, Samuel; PERRY, Nicolas Nowadays products extend their capabilities towards changing their configurations in order to cover multiple usage needs. They may be named transformable products and have not been taken into consideration in early design stages yet. In this paper, a proactive definition of the product is provided with transformation intrinsic properties. The formalization leads to an architecture. This enables developing a transformable product from two ordinary non-evolving objects. Different configurations and transformation processes have been set and implemented within a CAD tool to design a transformable product. A new paradigm is thus initiated, which will lead to efficient and dynamic design of transformable product. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/12056 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z GRUHIER, Elise KROMER, Robin DEMOLY, Frédéric GOMES, Samuel PERRY, Nicolas Nowadays products extend their capabilities towards changing their configurations in order to cover multiple usage needs. They may be named transformable products and have not been taken into consideration in early design stages yet. In this paper, a proactive definition of the product is provided with transformation intrinsic properties. The formalization leads to an architecture. This enables developing a transformable product from two ordinary non-evolving objects. Different configurations and transformation processes have been set and implemented within a CAD tool to design a transformable product. A new paradigm is thus initiated, which will lead to efficient and dynamic design of transformable product. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/26042 Mereo-DfAM: A Methodological Proposal of Mereotopological Design for Additive Manufacturing KROMER, Robin; DOUIN, Chloé; GRUHIER, Elise Opportunities are offered by multiple Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes nowadays. Design rules are evolving to lead to lighter and stiffer parts with really more complex shapes than those obtained by conventional processes. Worldwide, new methodologies/tools of assistance for the design are developed such as Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM). Additive manufacturing can allow the development of new metamaterials and health-matter evaluation based on energy flow evaluation. In this paper, the objective is to generate a new methodology with DfAM based on mesoscale knowledge. It is generated with open lab bench and simple object characterization. A methodology is presented to formalize and quantify information at multilayer dimension. A database is also generated following Design of Experiments (DoE) to obtain metamodels. They are developed for specific features representative of AM geometric class such as overhanging, holes or walls for instance. Mereotopological primitives with their AM definitions are used to define features in term of space and time variables. This theory enables the formalization of knowledge at the mesoscopic scale taken into consideration layer by layer build-up. It is then possible to use it to integrate data and information to the different feature juxtapositions using recognition algorithm. Information for each feature can then be included and explicitly used to help the designer during detailed design phase. A global 4-steps DfAM methodology maximizing the potential of AM is presented and validated through a part from the space industry use case. It includes the definition of skeleton/skin entities, pattern decomposition, information associated based on material evaluation and decision for AM part. Sun, 25 Sep 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/26042 2022-09-25T00:00:00Z KROMER, Robin DOUIN, Chloé GRUHIER, Elise Opportunities are offered by multiple Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes nowadays. Design rules are evolving to lead to lighter and stiffer parts with really more complex shapes than those obtained by conventional processes. Worldwide, new methodologies/tools of assistance for the design are developed such as Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM). Additive manufacturing can allow the development of new metamaterials and health-matter evaluation based on energy flow evaluation. In this paper, the objective is to generate a new methodology with DfAM based on mesoscale knowledge. It is generated with open lab bench and simple object characterization. A methodology is presented to formalize and quantify information at multilayer dimension. A database is also generated following Design of Experiments (DoE) to obtain metamodels. They are developed for specific features representative of AM geometric class such as overhanging, holes or walls for instance. Mereotopological primitives with their AM definitions are used to define features in term of space and time variables. This theory enables the formalization of knowledge at the mesoscopic scale taken into consideration layer by layer build-up. It is then possible to use it to integrate data and information to the different feature juxtapositions using recognition algorithm. Information for each feature can then be included and explicitly used to help the designer during detailed design phase. A global 4-steps DfAM methodology maximizing the potential of AM is presented and validated through a part from the space industry use case. It includes the definition of skeleton/skin entities, pattern decomposition, information associated based on material evaluation and decision for AM part. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/26041 DESIGN TEACHING INTEGRATING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING CONSTRAINTS KROMER, Robin; GRUHIER, Elise AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) processes are now integrated in industry. Therefore, new methods to design AM parts taken into consideration capabilities and limitations are necessary. It is very difficult for teachers to effectively guide students with ideas emerging from generative design tools. AM requires significant preparation and compromises. Topological optimization is also used depending on requirements. A significant impact on the final part quality is related to the part orientation and geometric dimensions. Therefore, this white paper focuses on detailed design steps to prepare future technicians and engineers to design for additive manufacturing. Active teaching pedagogy guideline is proposed. Students have to think in 3D and use analysis tools to create and validate the optimised design. They use immersive tools to review constraints and model diagnostic algorithm to generate data. Present approaches with design guidelines and tools enable to create AM rules based on it. Questionnaire shows that students need explicit knowledge information. Features recognition and geometry diagnostic are mandatory for complex model. Immersive tool helps to evaluate post-processing. They can now relate AM product-process relationship. Mon, 19 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/26041 2023-06-19T00:00:00Z KROMER, Robin GRUHIER, Elise AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) processes are now integrated in industry. Therefore, new methods to design AM parts taken into consideration capabilities and limitations are necessary. It is very difficult for teachers to effectively guide students with ideas emerging from generative design tools. AM requires significant preparation and compromises. Topological optimization is also used depending on requirements. A significant impact on the final part quality is related to the part orientation and geometric dimensions. Therefore, this white paper focuses on detailed design steps to prepare future technicians and engineers to design for additive manufacturing. Active teaching pedagogy guideline is proposed. Students have to think in 3D and use analysis tools to create and validate the optimised design. They use immersive tools to review constraints and model diagnostic algorithm to generate data. Present approaches with design guidelines and tools enable to create AM rules based on it. Questionnaire shows that students need explicit knowledge information. Features recognition and geometry diagnostic are mandatory for complex model. Immersive tool helps to evaluate post-processing. They can now relate AM product-process relationship.