https://sam.ensam.eu:443 The DSpace digital repository system captures, stores, indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material. Tue, 21 Apr 2026 13:59:30 GMT 2026-04-21T13:59:30Z http://hdl.handle.net/10985/9001 Microstructure observation and quantification of the liquid fraction of M2 steel grade in the semi-solid state, combining confocallaser scanning microscopy and X-ray microtomography GU, Guochao; PESCI, Raphaël; LANGLOIS, Laurent; BECKER, Eric; BIGOT, Regis; GUO, M.X. Microstructure is of crucial importance to the flow behavior of semi-solid slurries during the thixoforging process. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the microstructure evolution is required. In order to achieve this, high temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and high energy X-ray microtomography were used to investigate the microstructure evolution of several steel grades (M2, 100Cr6 and C38LTT) during the heating process from as-received conditions to the semi-solid state. It was found that the microstructure development of M2 can be directly studied at high temperature via these two techniques. Two types of small carbides (MC and M6C) were present in the as-received state, while totally new interconnected carbides of specific size and composition were formed from liquid zones after cooling. It was also noted using CLSM that the diffusion rate of the alloying elements during the cooling of M2 was very low. This confirms that the volume fraction of the liquid phase of M2 at high temperature can be evaluated by threedimensional X-ray microtomography in situ at high temperature and on quenched specimens. Contrary to M2, the microstructure of the steel grades 100Cr6 and C38LTT in the semi-solid state can only be revealed by CLSM at high temperature. All these observations are discussed in terms of microstructural development and liquid fraction during heating. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/9001 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z GU, Guochao PESCI, Raphaël LANGLOIS, Laurent BECKER, Eric BIGOT, Regis GUO, M.X. Microstructure is of crucial importance to the flow behavior of semi-solid slurries during the thixoforging process. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the microstructure evolution is required. In order to achieve this, high temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and high energy X-ray microtomography were used to investigate the microstructure evolution of several steel grades (M2, 100Cr6 and C38LTT) during the heating process from as-received conditions to the semi-solid state. It was found that the microstructure development of M2 can be directly studied at high temperature via these two techniques. Two types of small carbides (MC and M6C) were present in the as-received state, while totally new interconnected carbides of specific size and composition were formed from liquid zones after cooling. It was also noted using CLSM that the diffusion rate of the alloying elements during the cooling of M2 was very low. This confirms that the volume fraction of the liquid phase of M2 at high temperature can be evaluated by threedimensional X-ray microtomography in situ at high temperature and on quenched specimens. Contrary to M2, the microstructure of the steel grades 100Cr6 and C38LTT in the semi-solid state can only be revealed by CLSM at high temperature. All these observations are discussed in terms of microstructural development and liquid fraction during heating. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8775 Determining the ability of a high payload robot to perform FSW applications ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra; LAYE, Julien; GOUSSAIN, Jean-Claude; MARTIN, Patrick; LANGLOIS, Laurent This paper presents an experimental methodology to determine a Friction Stir Welding (FSW) means of production based on the experimental study of the tool / material mechanical interactions generated during the welding operation. These two stages have been identified as being characteristic for the qualification of a FSW equipment. This paper presents the experimental results of the parametric study done on the plunging and welding phases. Ranges of forces and torques diagrams were established according to the processing parameters, in order to qualify a means of production and to select the processing parameters allowing the operation on the available FSW equipment. Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8775 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra LAYE, Julien GOUSSAIN, Jean-Claude MARTIN, Patrick LANGLOIS, Laurent This paper presents an experimental methodology to determine a Friction Stir Welding (FSW) means of production based on the experimental study of the tool / material mechanical interactions generated during the welding operation. These two stages have been identified as being characteristic for the qualification of a FSW equipment. This paper presents the experimental results of the parametric study done on the plunging and welding phases. Ranges of forces and torques diagrams were established according to the processing parameters, in order to qualify a means of production and to select the processing parameters allowing the operation on the available FSW equipment. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8770 Robotized FSW – Evolution of forces and torque with nonlinear welds LANGLOIS, Laurent; ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra; BEN ATTAR, Amarilys; JEMAL, Nejah; HATSCH, Jonathan; ABBA, Gabriel; BIGOT, Regis The main purpose of the article is to study the evolution of the welding forces and torque with non-straight welding path. The main studies performed on forces and torque are usually done on plane straight welding path when the processing parameter are developed. As industrializing robotized FSW, the robot structure deformation under FSW load depends on the forces generated on the tool. Thus, in order to compensate the robot deformation automatically through the control, statistical model giving the welding forces and torque as function of the process parameters is established. This article deals with the study of the forces and torque generated as welding circular and semi-circular welds. The effect of the welding direction (i.e. position of advancing and retreating side) is also analyzed. The objective is to determine if the statistical model giving the welding forces and torque as function of the process parameters developed on straight line can be applied for welding different weld path geometries. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8770 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z LANGLOIS, Laurent ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra BEN ATTAR, Amarilys JEMAL, Nejah HATSCH, Jonathan ABBA, Gabriel BIGOT, Regis The main purpose of the article is to study the evolution of the welding forces and torque with non-straight welding path. The main studies performed on forces and torque are usually done on plane straight welding path when the processing parameter are developed. As industrializing robotized FSW, the robot structure deformation under FSW load depends on the forces generated on the tool. Thus, in order to compensate the robot deformation automatically through the control, statistical model giving the welding forces and torque as function of the process parameters is established. This article deals with the study of the forces and torque generated as welding circular and semi-circular welds. The effect of the welding direction (i.e. position of advancing and retreating side) is also analyzed. The objective is to determine if the statistical model giving the welding forces and torque as function of the process parameters developed on straight line can be applied for welding different weld path geometries. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8776 Overview of the mean of production used for FSW ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra; LAYE, Julien; LANGLOIS, Laurent The Friction Stir welding process is now introduced in production plants. More and more applications are developed and the most part of the work is now centered on the mean of production to be used. Institut de Soudure and Arts et Métiers ParisTech are working on this subject since mid of 2005. The results of this work is a recognize knowledge on the methodology for qualifying a Friction Stir Welding Equipment [1]. In the same time, and based on this work, Institut de Soudure has bought a new kind of Friction Stir Welding machine based on a KUKA Robot. Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8776 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra LAYE, Julien LANGLOIS, Laurent The Friction Stir welding process is now introduced in production plants. More and more applications are developed and the most part of the work is now centered on the mean of production to be used. Institut de Soudure and Arts et Métiers ParisTech are working on this subject since mid of 2005. The results of this work is a recognize knowledge on the methodology for qualifying a Friction Stir Welding Equipment [1]. In the same time, and based on this work, Institut de Soudure has bought a new kind of Friction Stir Welding machine based on a KUKA Robot. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8760 Etude des tolérances du procédé vis-à-vis des défauts de position et d’orientation de l’outil pour la robotisation du FSW ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra; LANGLOIS, Laurent; HATSCH, Jonathan; JEMAL, Nejah; ABBA, Gabriel; BIGOT, Regis Le FSW est un procédé de soudage innovant ayant démontré son aptitude à être industrialisé pour le soudage des alliages d’aluminiums. Afin de réduire les coûts d’investissement liés à l’achat de la machine et offrir une flexibilité en termes d’applications soudables, la robotisation du procédé apparait comme une opportunité. Les robots poly-articulés remplissent ces critères mais sous l’action des efforts de soudage appliqués sur l’outil, leur structure fléchit. Ceci conduit à une déviation de la position de l’outil par rapport à la trajectoire nominale. L’étude proposée porte sur l’analyse des tolérances du procédé FSW vis-à-vis des défauts de suivi de trajectoire. Une étude expérimentale est présentée pour évaluer l’influence du défaut d’inclinaison angulaire de l’outil sur la qualité de la soudure, l’évolution du couple et l’effort d’avance. L’intérêt est de cerner l’impact d’une désorientation sur le torseur des actions mécaniques qui peut survenir avec un robot polyarticulé.; Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an innovative welding process increasingly used by industry for the welding of aluminum alloys. In order to reduce the high investment costs of a dedicated FSW’s machine and in order to offer more flexibility to weld complex geometry, high payload robots may be used. A serial kinematics robot meets these specifications but under the stresses generated during welding, its structure readily deforms. The consequences are deviations of the tool nominal position with respect to the seam. The work presented here proposes to study the process tolerances with tool positioning defect. An experimental study enables to evaluate the influence of the tool position disorientation on weld quality, the travel force and torque generated. The objective is to estimate the impact of the disorientation on the tool mechanical interactions when welding using a serial kinematics robot. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8760 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra LANGLOIS, Laurent HATSCH, Jonathan JEMAL, Nejah ABBA, Gabriel BIGOT, Regis Le FSW est un procédé de soudage innovant ayant démontré son aptitude à être industrialisé pour le soudage des alliages d’aluminiums. Afin de réduire les coûts d’investissement liés à l’achat de la machine et offrir une flexibilité en termes d’applications soudables, la robotisation du procédé apparait comme une opportunité. Les robots poly-articulés remplissent ces critères mais sous l’action des efforts de soudage appliqués sur l’outil, leur structure fléchit. Ceci conduit à une déviation de la position de l’outil par rapport à la trajectoire nominale. L’étude proposée porte sur l’analyse des tolérances du procédé FSW vis-à-vis des défauts de suivi de trajectoire. Une étude expérimentale est présentée pour évaluer l’influence du défaut d’inclinaison angulaire de l’outil sur la qualité de la soudure, l’évolution du couple et l’effort d’avance. L’intérêt est de cerner l’impact d’une désorientation sur le torseur des actions mécaniques qui peut survenir avec un robot polyarticulé. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an innovative welding process increasingly used by industry for the welding of aluminum alloys. In order to reduce the high investment costs of a dedicated FSW’s machine and in order to offer more flexibility to weld complex geometry, high payload robots may be used. A serial kinematics robot meets these specifications but under the stresses generated during welding, its structure readily deforms. The consequences are deviations of the tool nominal position with respect to the seam. The work presented here proposes to study the process tolerances with tool positioning defect. An experimental study enables to evaluate the influence of the tool position disorientation on weld quality, the travel force and torque generated. The objective is to estimate the impact of the disorientation on the tool mechanical interactions when welding using a serial kinematics robot. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8756 Using the plunging and welding process windows to determine a FSW means of production ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra; LANGLOIS, Laurent; LAYE, Julien; GOUSSAIN, Jean-Claude; MARTIN, Patrick; BIGOT, Regis This paper presents an experimental methodology to determine a Friction Stir Welding (FSW) means of production based on the experimental study of the tool / material mechanical interactions generated during the plunging and welding stages. These two stages have been identified as being characteristic for the qualification of a FSW equipment. This paper presents the experimental results of the parametric study done on the plunging and welding phases. Ranges of forces and torques diagrams were established according to the processing parameters, in order to qualify a means of production and select the process parameters allowing the operation on the available FSW equipment. Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8756 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra LANGLOIS, Laurent LAYE, Julien GOUSSAIN, Jean-Claude MARTIN, Patrick BIGOT, Regis This paper presents an experimental methodology to determine a Friction Stir Welding (FSW) means of production based on the experimental study of the tool / material mechanical interactions generated during the plunging and welding stages. These two stages have been identified as being characteristic for the qualification of a FSW equipment. This paper presents the experimental results of the parametric study done on the plunging and welding phases. Ranges of forces and torques diagrams were established according to the processing parameters, in order to qualify a means of production and select the process parameters allowing the operation on the available FSW equipment. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8403 Product design-Process selection-Process planning Integration based on Modelling and Simulation NGUYEN, Von Dim; MARTIN, Patrick; LANGLOIS, Laurent; CROUE, Jean-Baptiste As a solution for traditional design process having many drawbacks in the manufacturing process, the integration of Product design-Process selection-Process planning is carried out in the early design phase. The technological, economic, and logistic parameters are taken into account simultaneously as well as manufacturing constraints being integrated into the product design. As a consequence, the most feasible alternative with regard to the product’s detailed design is extracted satisfying the product’s functional requirements. Subsequently, a couple of conceptual process plans are proposed relied on manufacturing processes being preliminarily selected in the conceptual design phase. Virtual manufacturing is employed under CAM software to simulate fabrication process of the potential process plans. Ultimately, the most suitable process plan for fabricating the part is recommended based upon a multi-criteria analysis as a resolution for decision making. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8403 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z NGUYEN, Von Dim MARTIN, Patrick LANGLOIS, Laurent CROUE, Jean-Baptiste As a solution for traditional design process having many drawbacks in the manufacturing process, the integration of Product design-Process selection-Process planning is carried out in the early design phase. The technological, economic, and logistic parameters are taken into account simultaneously as well as manufacturing constraints being integrated into the product design. As a consequence, the most feasible alternative with regard to the product’s detailed design is extracted satisfying the product’s functional requirements. Subsequently, a couple of conceptual process plans are proposed relied on manufacturing processes being preliminarily selected in the conceptual design phase. Virtual manufacturing is employed under CAM software to simulate fabrication process of the potential process plans. Ultimately, the most suitable process plan for fabricating the part is recommended based upon a multi-criteria analysis as a resolution for decision making. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/9094 Influence de la géométrie de l’outil sur la robustesse du FSW robotisé; Influence of the tool geometry on the robustness of the robotized FSW process JEMAL, Nejah; BEN ATTAR, Amarilys; LANGLOIS, Laurent; ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra En soudage par friction malaxage (Friction Stir Welding, FSW), l’outil est l’acteur principal de l’opération. Dans sa configuration conventionnelle, l’outil FSW n’est pas considéré comme un consommable lors du soudage des alliages d’aluminium. Sa partie active constituée d’un épaulement et d’un pion permet l’échauffement et le malaxage de la matière. Dans cette étude, on s’intéresse tout d’abord à analyser l’influence de la géométrie de l’outil sur la qualité du cordon. En effet, pour plusieurs géométries d’outil de soudage, les domaines de soudabilités opératoires sont définis et comparés. À partir de ces résultats, la robustesse des différentes géométries d’outil vis-à-vis de la qualité du malaxage lors d’une variation des paramètres de soudage est évaluée. D’autre part, pendant le soudage l’interaction outil/matière évolue suivant la géométrie des surfaces actives de l’outil FSW. Aussi, l’outil FSW a une influence sur les efforts engendrés au cours du soudage. Ces derniers sont donc également analysés afin de définir l’influence de la géométrie sur leurs variations. Dans un objectif de robotisation du procédé, cette étude est une première étape dans l’optimisation de l’outil en trouvant le bon compromis entre qualité du joint soudé et amplitude des efforts.; In FSW the welding tool is a process major player. In its conventional configuration the FSW tool is not consumable. Its active part is composed by a shoulder and a pin and these elements allow two fundamental phenomena for FSW process: material warm up and material stirring. In this study the influence of the FSW tool geometry is analyzed and put in relation with the weld quality. Indeed for several FSW tool geometries the process window is established and compared. From these results the FSW tool geometries robustness is evaluated with regard to the weld quality when the welding parameters are evolving. On the other hand during the welding operation material/tool interaction evolves depending on the active welding tool surfaces. Therefore FSW tool influences forces values created during welding operation. These forces are analyzed in order to define the influence of the FSW tool geometries on their evolution. This study is a first step in the FSW tool optimization in finding a compromise between weld quality and welding forces in the aim to develop robotized FSW. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/9094 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z JEMAL, Nejah BEN ATTAR, Amarilys LANGLOIS, Laurent ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra En soudage par friction malaxage (Friction Stir Welding, FSW), l’outil est l’acteur principal de l’opération. Dans sa configuration conventionnelle, l’outil FSW n’est pas considéré comme un consommable lors du soudage des alliages d’aluminium. Sa partie active constituée d’un épaulement et d’un pion permet l’échauffement et le malaxage de la matière. Dans cette étude, on s’intéresse tout d’abord à analyser l’influence de la géométrie de l’outil sur la qualité du cordon. En effet, pour plusieurs géométries d’outil de soudage, les domaines de soudabilités opératoires sont définis et comparés. À partir de ces résultats, la robustesse des différentes géométries d’outil vis-à-vis de la qualité du malaxage lors d’une variation des paramètres de soudage est évaluée. D’autre part, pendant le soudage l’interaction outil/matière évolue suivant la géométrie des surfaces actives de l’outil FSW. Aussi, l’outil FSW a une influence sur les efforts engendrés au cours du soudage. Ces derniers sont donc également analysés afin de définir l’influence de la géométrie sur leurs variations. Dans un objectif de robotisation du procédé, cette étude est une première étape dans l’optimisation de l’outil en trouvant le bon compromis entre qualité du joint soudé et amplitude des efforts. In FSW the welding tool is a process major player. In its conventional configuration the FSW tool is not consumable. Its active part is composed by a shoulder and a pin and these elements allow two fundamental phenomena for FSW process: material warm up and material stirring. In this study the influence of the FSW tool geometry is analyzed and put in relation with the weld quality. Indeed for several FSW tool geometries the process window is established and compared. From these results the FSW tool geometries robustness is evaluated with regard to the weld quality when the welding parameters are evolving. On the other hand during the welding operation material/tool interaction evolves depending on the active welding tool surfaces. Therefore FSW tool influences forces values created during welding operation. These forces are analyzed in order to define the influence of the FSW tool geometries on their evolution. This study is a first step in the FSW tool optimization in finding a compromise between weld quality and welding forces in the aim to develop robotized FSW. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8997 Methodology for qualifying a Friction Stir Welding equipment ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra; LAYE, Julien; GOUSSAIN, Jean-Claude; MARTIN, Patrick; LANGLOIS, Laurent The objective of this research work is the industrialization of the friction stir welding process in order to provide tools to industrials to select and qualify a machine for their FSW applications. This paper presents a methodology to determine the Friction Stir Welding equipment adequate to an application. The adequate equipment can be every machine that can perform friction stir welds. This paper presents a short review, based on literature survey, of the existing friction stir welding equipments. Then, the methodology developed is presented. It is based on the studying of the interactions between the tool and the workpiece. Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/8997 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z ZIMMER-CHEVRET, Sandra LAYE, Julien GOUSSAIN, Jean-Claude MARTIN, Patrick LANGLOIS, Laurent The objective of this research work is the industrialization of the friction stir welding process in order to provide tools to industrials to select and qualify a machine for their FSW applications. This paper presents a methodology to determine the Friction Stir Welding equipment adequate to an application. The adequate equipment can be every machine that can perform friction stir welds. This paper presents a short review, based on literature survey, of the existing friction stir welding equipments. Then, the methodology developed is presented. It is based on the studying of the interactions between the tool and the workpiece. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/7719 Determination of quantity and localization of liquid in the semi-solid state using both 3D X-ray microtomography and 2D techniques for steel thixoforming GU, Guochao; BECKER, Eric; PESCI, Raphaël; LANGLOIS, Laurent The distribution of liquid at the semi solid state is one of the most important parameters for steel thixoforging. It has a great influence on the viscosity of the material, on the flows and finally on the final shape and mechanical properties of the thixoforged parts. Both ex situ and in situ 3D X-ray microtomography characterizations have been carried out to determine the quantity and localization of liquid at high temperature of M2 steel slugs. Microtomography was first performed ex situ at room temperature on samples heated and quenched from semi-solid state. The specimens were also scanned in situ directly at high temperature. The obtained results have been compared to 2D observations using EDS technique in SEM on heated and quenched specimens. They showed a good correlation making both approaches very efficient for the study of the liquid zones at the semi-solid state. Lien vers la version éditeur: http://www.scientific.net/SSP.192-193.191 Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/7719 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z GU, Guochao BECKER, Eric PESCI, Raphaël LANGLOIS, Laurent The distribution of liquid at the semi solid state is one of the most important parameters for steel thixoforging. It has a great influence on the viscosity of the material, on the flows and finally on the final shape and mechanical properties of the thixoforged parts. Both ex situ and in situ 3D X-ray microtomography characterizations have been carried out to determine the quantity and localization of liquid at high temperature of M2 steel slugs. Microtomography was first performed ex situ at room temperature on samples heated and quenched from semi-solid state. The specimens were also scanned in situ directly at high temperature. The obtained results have been compared to 2D observations using EDS technique in SEM on heated and quenched specimens. They showed a good correlation making both approaches very efficient for the study of the liquid zones at the semi-solid state.