https://sam.ensam.eu:443 The DSpace digital repository system captures, stores, indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material. Mon, 13 Jul 2026 06:36:21 GMT 2026-07-13T06:36:21Z http://hdl.handle.net/10985/17733 Effects of Surface Tension and Yield Stress on Mucus Plug Rupture: a Numerical Study HU, Yingying; ROMANO, Francesco; GROTBERG, James B. We study the effects of surface tension and yield stress on mucus plug rupture. A three-dimensional simplified configuration is employed to simulate mucus plug rupture in a collapsed lung airway of the 10 th generation. The Herschel-Bulkley model is used to take into account the non-Newtonian viscoplastic fluid properties of mucus. Results show that the maximum wall shear stress greatly changes right prior to the rupture of the mucus plug. The surface tension influences mainly the late stage of the rupture process when the plug deforms greatly and the curvature of the mucus-air interface becomes significant. High surface tension increases the wall shear stress and the time needed to rupture since it produces a resistance to the rupture, as well as strong stress and velocity gradients across the mucus-air interface. The yield stress effects are pronounced mainly at the beginning. High yield stress makes the plug take long time to yield and slows down the whole rupture process. When the effects induced by the surface tension and yield forces are comparable, dynamical quantities strongly depend on the ratio of the two forces. The pressure difference (the only driving in the study) contributes to wall shear stress much more than yield stress and surface tension per unit length. Wall shear stress is less sensitive to the variation in yield stress than that in surface tension. In general, wall shear stress can be effectively reduced by the smaller pressure difference and surface tension. Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/17733 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z HU, Yingying ROMANO, Francesco GROTBERG, James B. We study the effects of surface tension and yield stress on mucus plug rupture. A three-dimensional simplified configuration is employed to simulate mucus plug rupture in a collapsed lung airway of the 10 th generation. The Herschel-Bulkley model is used to take into account the non-Newtonian viscoplastic fluid properties of mucus. Results show that the maximum wall shear stress greatly changes right prior to the rupture of the mucus plug. The surface tension influences mainly the late stage of the rupture process when the plug deforms greatly and the curvature of the mucus-air interface becomes significant. High surface tension increases the wall shear stress and the time needed to rupture since it produces a resistance to the rupture, as well as strong stress and velocity gradients across the mucus-air interface. The yield stress effects are pronounced mainly at the beginning. High yield stress makes the plug take long time to yield and slows down the whole rupture process. When the effects induced by the surface tension and yield forces are comparable, dynamical quantities strongly depend on the ratio of the two forces. The pressure difference (the only driving in the study) contributes to wall shear stress much more than yield stress and surface tension per unit length. Wall shear stress is less sensitive to the variation in yield stress than that in surface tension. In general, wall shear stress can be effectively reduced by the smaller pressure difference and surface tension. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24542 Transition to turbulence in a heated non-Newtonian pipe flow ROMANO, Francesco; CHARLES, Antoine; DOTTORI, François; AMIR BAHRANI, S. A simplified mono-dimensional model for investigating the transition to turbulence in nonisothermal and non-Newtonian pipe flows is proposed. The flow stability is analyzed within the framework of such a model, showing that uniformly heating the pipe wall leads to an earlier transition to turbulence, while differentially heating the pipe wall produces a stabilizing effect. For power-law fluids, we also demonstrate that an increase in the power-law index, i.e., passing from shear-thinning to shear-thickening fluids, leads to a stabilization of the system. Wed, 01 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24542 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z ROMANO, Francesco CHARLES, Antoine DOTTORI, François AMIR BAHRANI, S. A simplified mono-dimensional model for investigating the transition to turbulence in nonisothermal and non-Newtonian pipe flows is proposed. The flow stability is analyzed within the framework of such a model, showing that uniformly heating the pipe wall leads to an earlier transition to turbulence, while differentially heating the pipe wall produces a stabilizing effect. For power-law fluids, we also demonstrate that an increase in the power-law index, i.e., passing from shear-thinning to shear-thickening fluids, leads to a stabilization of the system. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24485 Coherent Particle Structures in High-Prandtl-Number Liquid Bridges BARMAK, Ilya; ROMANO, Francesco; KANNAN, Parvathy Kunchi; KUHLMANN, Hendrik C. Clustering of small rigid spherical particles into particle accumulation structures (PAS) is studied numerically for a high-Prandtl-number (Pr = 68) thermocapillary liquid bridge. The one-way-coupling approach is used for calculation of the particle motion, modeling PAS as an attractor for a single particle. The attractor is created by dissipative forces acting on the particle near the boundary due to the finite size of the particle. These forces can dramatically deflect the particle trajectory from a fluid pathline and transfer it to certain tubular flow structures, called Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) tori, in which the particle is focused and from which it might not escape anymore. The transfer of particles can take place if a KAM torus, which is a property of the flow without particles, enters the narrow boundary layer on the flow boundaries in which the particle experiences extra forces. Since the PAS obtained in this system depends mainly on the finite particle size, it can be classified as a finite-size coherent structure (FSCS). Mon, 01 Feb 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24485 2021-02-01T00:00:00Z BARMAK, Ilya ROMANO, Francesco KANNAN, Parvathy Kunchi KUHLMANN, Hendrik C. Clustering of small rigid spherical particles into particle accumulation structures (PAS) is studied numerically for a high-Prandtl-number (Pr = 68) thermocapillary liquid bridge. The one-way-coupling approach is used for calculation of the particle motion, modeling PAS as an attractor for a single particle. The attractor is created by dissipative forces acting on the particle near the boundary due to the finite size of the particle. These forces can dramatically deflect the particle trajectory from a fluid pathline and transfer it to certain tubular flow structures, called Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) tori, in which the particle is focused and from which it might not escape anymore. The transfer of particles can take place if a KAM torus, which is a property of the flow without particles, enters the narrow boundary layer on the flow boundaries in which the particle experiences extra forces. Since the PAS obtained in this system depends mainly on the finite particle size, it can be classified as a finite-size coherent structure (FSCS). http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24486 The effect of viscoelasticity in an airway closure model ROMANO, Francesco; MURADOGLU, M.; FUJIOKA, H.; GROTBERG, J.B. Abstract Mon, 01 Feb 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24486 2021-02-01T00:00:00Z ROMANO, Francesco MURADOGLU, M. FUJIOKA, H. GROTBERG, J.B. Abstract http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24541 Stability of generalized Kolmogorov flow in a channel ROMANO, Francesco The Kolmogorov flow is a paradigmatic model flow used to investigate the transition from laminar to turbulent regimes in confined and, especially, in unbounded domains. It represents a solution of the forced Navier–Stokes equation, where the forcing term is sinusoidal. The resulting velocity profile is also sinusoidal with the same wavenumber of the forcing term. In this study, we generalize the Kolmogorov flow making use of a generic forcing term defined by a Fourier series that bridges the classical Kolmogorov flow to an arbitrary even-degree power-law profile. Thereafter, we perform a linear stability analysis on the power-law profiles for exponents, α=2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, and the corresponding generalized Kolmogorov flows, varying the truncation index K of the Fourier series. Several neutral stability curves are computed numerically for wall-bounded flows and the relevant critical conditions are compared in terms of critical Reynolds number, critical wavelength, and eigenspectrum at criticality. The most dangerous perturbations are thoroughly characterized, and we identify three qualitatively different most dangerous modes, depending on α, K, the Reynolds number, and the perturbation wavelength. Mon, 01 Feb 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24541 2021-02-01T00:00:00Z ROMANO, Francesco The Kolmogorov flow is a paradigmatic model flow used to investigate the transition from laminar to turbulent regimes in confined and, especially, in unbounded domains. It represents a solution of the forced Navier–Stokes equation, where the forcing term is sinusoidal. The resulting velocity profile is also sinusoidal with the same wavenumber of the forcing term. In this study, we generalize the Kolmogorov flow making use of a generic forcing term defined by a Fourier series that bridges the classical Kolmogorov flow to an arbitrary even-degree power-law profile. Thereafter, we perform a linear stability analysis on the power-law profiles for exponents, α=2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, and the corresponding generalized Kolmogorov flows, varying the truncation index K of the Fourier series. Several neutral stability curves are computed numerically for wall-bounded flows and the relevant critical conditions are compared in terms of critical Reynolds number, critical wavelength, and eigenspectrum at criticality. The most dangerous perturbations are thoroughly characterized, and we identify three qualitatively different most dangerous modes, depending on α, K, the Reynolds number, and the perturbation wavelength. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24522 Laminar–turbulent intermittency in pipe flow for an Herschel–Bulkley fluid: Radial receptivity to finite-amplitude perturbations CHARLES, Antoine; ROMANO, Francesco; RIBEIRO, Thierry; AZIMI, Sam; ROCHER, Vincent; BAUDEZ, Jean-Christophe; BAHRANI, S. Amir We investigate the laminar-to-turbulent transition for non-Newtonian Herschel–Bulkley fluids that exhibit either a shear-thinning or shear-thickening behavior. The reduced-order model developed in this study also includes the effect of yield-stress for the fluid. Within our model framework, we investigate how the Newtonian dynamics change when significant non-Newtonian effects are considered either via the flow index n or the yield-stress τ0 or both. We find that an increase in τ0 as well as a decrease in n lead to a delayed transition if a perturbation of the given turbulent intensity is injected at various radial locations. As the radial position of the injection for the perturbation is varied in this study, our reduced-order model allows for the investigation of the flow receptivity to the finite-amplitude perturbations and to their radial position of inception. We observe that, for a given mean flow profile, the same perturbation becomes more prone to induce turbulence the closer it approaches the wall because of its initial amplitude being relatively higher with respect to the local mean flow. An opposite trend is found when the perturbation amplitude is rescaled on the local mean flow. Tue, 01 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24522 2022-11-01T00:00:00Z CHARLES, Antoine ROMANO, Francesco RIBEIRO, Thierry AZIMI, Sam ROCHER, Vincent BAUDEZ, Jean-Christophe BAHRANI, S. Amir We investigate the laminar-to-turbulent transition for non-Newtonian Herschel–Bulkley fluids that exhibit either a shear-thinning or shear-thickening behavior. The reduced-order model developed in this study also includes the effect of yield-stress for the fluid. Within our model framework, we investigate how the Newtonian dynamics change when significant non-Newtonian effects are considered either via the flow index n or the yield-stress τ0 or both. We find that an increase in τ0 as well as a decrease in n lead to a delayed transition if a perturbation of the given turbulent intensity is injected at various radial locations. As the radial position of the injection for the perturbation is varied in this study, our reduced-order model allows for the investigation of the flow receptivity to the finite-amplitude perturbations and to their radial position of inception. We observe that, for a given mean flow profile, the same perturbation becomes more prone to induce turbulence the closer it approaches the wall because of its initial amplitude being relatively higher with respect to the local mean flow. An opposite trend is found when the perturbation amplitude is rescaled on the local mean flow. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24322 Attractors for the motion of a finite-size particle in a cuboidal lid-driven cavity WU, Haotian; ROMANO, Francesco; KUHLMANN, Hendrik C. The motion of a finite-size particle in the cuboidal lid-driven cavity flow is investigated experimentally for Reynolds numbers 100 and 200 for which the flow is steady. These steady three-dimensional flows exhibit chaotic and regular streamlines, where the latter are confined to Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) tori. The interaction between the moving wall and the particle creates global particle attractors. For neutrally buoyant particles, these attractors are periodic or quasi-periodic, strongly attracting and located in or near KAM tori of the flow. As the density mismatch between particle and fluid increases, buoyancy and inertia become important, and the attractors evolve from those for neutrally buoyant particles, changing their shape, position and attraction rates. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24322 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z WU, Haotian ROMANO, Francesco KUHLMANN, Hendrik C. The motion of a finite-size particle in the cuboidal lid-driven cavity flow is investigated experimentally for Reynolds numbers 100 and 200 for which the flow is steady. These steady three-dimensional flows exhibit chaotic and regular streamlines, where the latter are confined to Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) tori. The interaction between the moving wall and the particle creates global particle attractors. For neutrally buoyant particles, these attractors are periodic or quasi-periodic, strongly attracting and located in or near KAM tori of the flow. As the density mismatch between particle and fluid increases, buoyancy and inertia become important, and the attractors evolve from those for neutrally buoyant particles, changing their shape, position and attraction rates. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24504 MaranStable: A linear stability solver for multiphase flows in canonical geometries STOJANOVIĆ, Mario; ROMANO, Francesco; KUHLMANN, Hendrik C. MaranStable is a software to perform three-dimensional linear stability analyses of steady two-dimensional non-isothermal multiphase flows in canonical geometries. Different approximations to the Navier–Stokes equations can be selected, which are discretized by finite volumes on a staggered grid. The stability of the basic flow, obtained by Newton—Raphson iteration, is computed by solving the linearized three-dimensional perturbation equations using normal modes. All calculations are based on Matlab and make extensive use of the already parallelized backslash and eigs operators, and the graphical user interface eases the access to MaranStable. Sat, 01 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24504 2023-07-01T00:00:00Z STOJANOVIĆ, Mario ROMANO, Francesco KUHLMANN, Hendrik C. MaranStable is a software to perform three-dimensional linear stability analyses of steady two-dimensional non-isothermal multiphase flows in canonical geometries. Different approximations to the Navier–Stokes equations can be selected, which are discretized by finite volumes on a staggered grid. The stability of the basic flow, obtained by Newton—Raphson iteration, is computed by solving the linearized three-dimensional perturbation equations using normal modes. All calculations are based on Matlab and make extensive use of the already parallelized backslash and eigs operators, and the graphical user interface eases the access to MaranStable. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24484 Peristaltic flow in the glymphatic system ROMANO, Francesco; SURESH, Vinod; GALIE, Peter A.; GROTBERG, James B. The flow inside the perivascular space (PVS) is modeled using a first-principles approach in order to investigate how the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enters the brain through a permeable layer of glial cells. Lubrication theory is employed to deal with the flow in the thin annular gap of the perivascular space between an impermeable artery and the brain tissue. The artery has an imposed peristaltic deformation and the deformable brain tissue is modeled by means of an elastic Hooke’s law. The perivascular flow model is solved numerically, discovering that the peristaltic wave induces a steady streaming to/from the brain which strongly depends on the rigidity and the permeability of the brain tissue. A detailed quantification of the through flow across the glial boundary is obtained for a large parameter space of physiologically relevant conditions. The parameters include the elasticity and permeability of the brain, the curvature of the artery, its length and the amplitude of the peristaltic wave. A steady streaming component of the through flow due to the peristaltic wave is characterized by an in-depth physical analysis and the velocity across the glial layer is found to flow from and to the PVS, depending on the elasticity and permeability of the brain. The through CSF flow velocity is quantified to be of the order of micrometers per seconds. Tue, 01 Dec 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24484 2020-12-01T00:00:00Z ROMANO, Francesco SURESH, Vinod GALIE, Peter A. GROTBERG, James B. The flow inside the perivascular space (PVS) is modeled using a first-principles approach in order to investigate how the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enters the brain through a permeable layer of glial cells. Lubrication theory is employed to deal with the flow in the thin annular gap of the perivascular space between an impermeable artery and the brain tissue. The artery has an imposed peristaltic deformation and the deformable brain tissue is modeled by means of an elastic Hooke’s law. The perivascular flow model is solved numerically, discovering that the peristaltic wave induces a steady streaming to/from the brain which strongly depends on the rigidity and the permeability of the brain tissue. A detailed quantification of the through flow across the glial boundary is obtained for a large parameter space of physiologically relevant conditions. The parameters include the elasticity and permeability of the brain, the curvature of the artery, its length and the amplitude of the peristaltic wave. A steady streaming component of the through flow due to the peristaltic wave is characterized by an in-depth physical analysis and the velocity across the glial layer is found to flow from and to the PVS, depending on the elasticity and permeability of the brain. The through CSF flow velocity is quantified to be of the order of micrometers per seconds. http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24442 Pulmonary Interstitial Matrix and Lung Fluid Balance From Normal to the Acutely Injured Lung BERETTA, Egidio; ROMANO, Francesco; SANCINI, Giulio; GROTBERG, James B.; NIEMAN, Gary F.; MISEROCCHI, Giuseppe This review analyses the mechanisms by which lung fluid balance is strictly controlled in the air-blood barrier (ABB). Relatively large trans-endothelial and trans-epithelial Starling pressure gradients result in a minimal flow across the ABB thanks to low microvascular permeability aided by the macromolecular structure of the interstitial matrix. These edema safety factors are lost when the integrity of the interstitial matrix is damaged. The result is that small Starling pressure gradients, acting on a progressively expanding alveolar barrier with high permeability, generate a high transvascular flow that causes alveolar flooding in minutes. We modeled the trans-endothelial and trans-epithelial Starling pressure gradients under control conditions, as well as under increasing alveolar pressure (Palv) conditions of up to 25 cmH2O. We referred to the wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio, a specific index of lung water balance, to be correlated with the functional state of the interstitial structure. W/D averages ∼5 in control and might increase by up to ∼9 in severe edema, corresponding to ∼70% loss in the integrity of the native matrix. Factors buffering edemagenic conditions include: (i) an interstitial capacity for fluid accumulation located in the thick portion of ABB, (ii) the increase in interstitial pressure due to water binding by hyaluronan (the “safety factor” opposing the filtration gradient), and (iii) increased lymphatic flow. Inflammatory factors causing lung tissue damage include those of bacterial/viral and those of sterile nature. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during hypoxia or hyperoxia, or excessive parenchymal stress/strain [lung overdistension caused by patient self-induced lung injury (P-SILI)] can all cause excessive inflammation. We discuss the heterogeneity of intrapulmonary distribution of W/D ratios. A W/D ∼6.5 has been identified as being critical for the transition to severe edema formation. Increasing Palv for W/D > 6.5, both trans-endothelial and trans-epithelial gradients favor filtration leading to alveolar flooding. Neither CT scan nor ultrasound can identify this initial level of lung fluid balance perturbation. A suggestion is put forward to identify a non-invasive tool to detect the earliest stages of perturbation of lung fluid balance before the condition becomes life-threatening. Wed, 01 Dec 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10985/24442 2021-12-01T00:00:00Z BERETTA, Egidio ROMANO, Francesco SANCINI, Giulio GROTBERG, James B. NIEMAN, Gary F. MISEROCCHI, Giuseppe This review analyses the mechanisms by which lung fluid balance is strictly controlled in the air-blood barrier (ABB). Relatively large trans-endothelial and trans-epithelial Starling pressure gradients result in a minimal flow across the ABB thanks to low microvascular permeability aided by the macromolecular structure of the interstitial matrix. These edema safety factors are lost when the integrity of the interstitial matrix is damaged. The result is that small Starling pressure gradients, acting on a progressively expanding alveolar barrier with high permeability, generate a high transvascular flow that causes alveolar flooding in minutes. We modeled the trans-endothelial and trans-epithelial Starling pressure gradients under control conditions, as well as under increasing alveolar pressure (Palv) conditions of up to 25 cmH2O. We referred to the wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio, a specific index of lung water balance, to be correlated with the functional state of the interstitial structure. W/D averages ∼5 in control and might increase by up to ∼9 in severe edema, corresponding to ∼70% loss in the integrity of the native matrix. Factors buffering edemagenic conditions include: (i) an interstitial capacity for fluid accumulation located in the thick portion of ABB, (ii) the increase in interstitial pressure due to water binding by hyaluronan (the “safety factor” opposing the filtration gradient), and (iii) increased lymphatic flow. Inflammatory factors causing lung tissue damage include those of bacterial/viral and those of sterile nature. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during hypoxia or hyperoxia, or excessive parenchymal stress/strain [lung overdistension caused by patient self-induced lung injury (P-SILI)] can all cause excessive inflammation. We discuss the heterogeneity of intrapulmonary distribution of W/D ratios. A W/D ∼6.5 has been identified as being critical for the transition to severe edema formation. Increasing Palv for W/D > 6.5, both trans-endothelial and trans-epithelial gradients favor filtration leading to alveolar flooding. Neither CT scan nor ultrasound can identify this initial level of lung fluid balance perturbation. A suggestion is put forward to identify a non-invasive tool to detect the earliest stages of perturbation of lung fluid balance before the condition becomes life-threatening.