Maxillary shape after primary cleft closure and before alveolar bone graft in two different management protocols: A comparative morphometric study

Abstract

AIM AND SCOPE: Result assessment in cleft surgery is a technical challenge and requires the development of dedicated morphometric tools. Two cohorts of patients managed according to two different protocols were assessed at similar ages and their palatal shape was compared using geometric morphometrics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten patients (protocol No. 1) benefited from early lip closure (1-3 months) and secondary combined soft and hard palate closure (6-9 months); 11 patients (protocol No. 2) benefited from later combined lip and soft palate closure (6 months) followed by hard palate closure (18 months). Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images were acquired at 5 years of age and palatal shapes were compared between protocols No. 1 and No. 2 using geometric morphometrics. RESULTS: Protocols No. 1 and No. 2 had a significantly different timing in their surgical steps but were assessed at a similar age (5 years). The inter-canine distance was significantly narrower in protocol No. 1. Geometric morphometrics showed that the premaxillary region was located more inferiorly in protocol No. 1. CONCLUSION: Functional approaches to cleft surgery (protocol No. 2) allow obtaining larger inter-canine distances and more anatomical premaxillary positions at 5 years of age when compared to protocols involving early lip closure (protocol No. 1). This is the first study comparing the intermediate results of two cleft management protocols using 3D CBCT data and geometric morphometrics. Similar assessments at the end of puberty are required in order to compare the long-term benefits of functional protocols.